División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería
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- Ola de calor y contaminación atmosférica [infografía](Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco., 2024) HERNÁNDEZ CASTILLO, OSCAR; LANDEROS-MUGICA, KARINA; Mugica-Alvarez, VioletaUna ola de calor es un episodio prolongado de tres o más días con temperaturas inusualmente altas, en condiciones secas o húmedas.
- No quemes basura, no quemes tu salud [infografía](Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México)., 2024) Navarrete Rubio, Brandon Antonio; LANDEROS-MUGICA, KARINA; Sánchez Sánchez, Paulina; Mugica-Alvarez, Violeta; Alatriste Martínez, Yadira; Soto Delgadillo, Yared DanielaLa basura en tiraderos o baldíos en localidades que no tienen servicio de recolección, es un gran problema ambiental y de salud pública.
- Contaminación del aire por agricultura [infografía](2024) Navarrete Rubio, Brandon Antonio; LANDEROS-MUGICA, KARINA; Sánchez Sánchez, Paulina; Mugica-Alvarez, Violeta; Alatriste Martínez, Yadira; Soto Delgadillo, Yared DanielaExisten actividades agrícolas que producen gases y partículas contaminantes, las cuales generan mala calidad del aire y/o contribuyen al cambio climático.
- Air pollution in cities with unplanned urban growth, a case study of Toluca Valley: trends and health impacts compared with Mexico City(Atena Editora, 2024) Neria-Hernandez, Angelica; Mugica-Alvarez, Violeta; Colin-Cruz, Arturo; Sánchez Meza, Juan Carlos; Amaya Chávez, AraceliUnplanned urban growth is occurring in many cities in developing countries and is associated with social and environmental problems. The Metropolitan Area of Toluca Valley (MATV) began its disorganized expansion since the 1960s, and according to the IQAir platform, it has been the city with the worst air quality in Mexico, in terms of PM₂.₅, since 2019. Materials and methods: Tenyear (2011-2021) monitoring databases of air criteria pollutants (ACP) from six MATV monitoring stations were processed to establish spatiotemporal variations and to estimate the mortality proportion attributable to PM₂.₅ exposure using AirQ+ software. The evolution of ACP concentrations and the PM₂.₅ mortality proportion between the MATV and Mexico City were compared. The COVID-19 lockdown impact on ACP was also assessed. Results: PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ are the main ACP that worsen air quality in MATV and exceed the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) almost the entire year, risking public health. The estimated mortality proportion associated with PM₂.₅ exposure in 2019 for MATV was 11.97% (7.98-15.55) as for Mexico City, 6.95% (4.59-9.1). MATV presented higher levels of ACP and lower reduction percentages than Mexico City Metropolitan Area over the ten-year period. PM and O₃ patterns are very similar between cities, suggesting that air pollution is shared. The COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 caused a reduction of all ACP concentrations except for O₃. Conclusions: MATV case study provides a reference scenario of the impact of unplanned urban growth on public health and the need for the government to develop solutions to improve urban mobility and environmental surveillance.
- Quantification of primary PM₂.₅ Mass Exchange in three Mexican Megalopolis Metropolitan Areas(Elsevier, 2023-07-08) HERNANDEZ-MORENO, ADOLFO; Trujillo-Páez, Fátima I.; Mugica-Alvarez, VioletaIt is commonly assumed that the outgoing flux of pollutants from large cities deteriorates the air quality of neighboring communities. Quantifying the mass exchange of pollutants among cities will enable local and regional planning of environmental management programs, to identify well all previously unrecognized impacted areas. In this study, the quantification of outgoing and incoming fluxes of primary PM₂.₅ particle mass among three neighboring metropolitan areas of the Mexico City Megalopolis in the dry-cold climate months, was carried out for the first time. The results show that the metropolitan areas of Toluca Valley and Cuernavaca receive mass quantities of PM₂.₅ approximately equivalent to a 100% of their local emissions. The prevailing winds in the cold-dry climate months, impel the emissions from the studied metropolitan areas, effectually dispersing in different directions, though mainly towards the megalopolis South, impacting with large mass amounts of PM₂.₅ the rural areas. The overlap puffs of local emissions with imported particle masses contribute to atypically high concentration events in receiving metropolitan areas. In the import-export balance, the metropolitan areas of Toluca and Cuernavaca had a significant PM₂.₅ concentration increasing during the cold-dry climate months mainly due to the incoming particles from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.
- Atmospheric Estrogenic Semi-Volatile Compounds and PAH in PM₂.₅ in Mexico City(MDPI, 2025-02-05) Ronderos, Gustavo; Millán Vázquez, Fernando; Murillo Tovar, Mario; Saldarriaga Noreña, Hugo; Valle-Hernández, Brenda L; López-Velázquez, Khirbet; Mugica-Alvarez, VioletaThe quantification of semi-volatile organic compounds with potential endocrinedisrupting activity contained in fine atmospheric particles (PM₂.₅) is essential to understand their temporal behavior, identify their sources, and evaluate the health risks resulting from population exposure to said compounds. Since information and research outcomes regarding their presence in the atmosphere in developing countries are scarce, the main objective of this work was the development of a methodology devoted to extracting, characterizing, and quantifying, for the first time in Mexico, the concentration levels of three important groups of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) bonded to PM₂.₅ and collected during a year, namely: alkylphenols (4-n-nonylphenol (4NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4tOP)); bisphenols (bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol F (BPF)); natural and synthetic hormones (17β-estradiol (E₂), estriol (E₃) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE₂)). Further, priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that also disrupt endocrine activity were analyzed. All compounds were determined by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, and the concentration levels were analyzed for different climatic seasons. Cold-dry (CD) season displayed higher levels of 4NP, bisphenols, and hormones (between 0.71 (4NP) and 1860 pg m-³ (BPA)), as well as PAH concentrations (9.12 ng m-³). Regarding health effects, concentrations of alkylphenols, bisphenols, and hormones quantified had a value of estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQE2) between 0.07 and 0.17 ng m-³. PAH concentrations did not have carcinogenic and mutagenic risk with BaP(PEQ) < 1 ng m-³. These results can be used by policymakers in the design of strategies for air pollution control.
- Morphological and chemical composition of PM₂.₅ emissions from a concrete factory in Toluca, México(Atena Editora, 2024) SANTIAGO CRUZ, YANET; Sánchez Meza, Juan Carlos; Amaya Chávez, Araceli; Cruz-Núñez, Xochitl; Mugica-Alvarez, VioletaThe concrete industry is known to produce PM₂.₅ emissions in various production stages. This study analyzes PM₂.₅ emissions originating from a readymix concrete factory situated in the Toluca Valley Metropolitan Zone (MZTV) in central Mexico. Samples were collected over different seasons – warm dry, rainy, and cold dry – using a low-volume particle analyzer. The samples were subsequently analyzed to determine, the morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), elemental chemical composition by Energy Dispersion (EDS). The analysis revealed that the concentration of PM₂.₅ emissions exceeded permissible limits, posing significant health risks. The chemical composition of the PM₂.₅ emissions were analyzed, revealing that they mainly comprised O, C, Si, Fe, Ca, Al, K, and Na, which are consistent with Portland cement. The study emphasizes the need for strict environmental controls and tailored management strategies to mitigate the impact of emissions on human health. It also highlights the significant influence of meteorological conditions, which affect particulate dispersion. Finally, in this contribution, the authors aim to better understand the effects of PM₂.₅ emissions originating from the concrete industry providing insight into the need for stringent environmental regulations.
- Air Pollution and Climate Change Risk Perception among Residents in Three Cities of the Mexico Megalopolis(MDPI, 2023-12-29) LANDEROS-MUGICA, KARINA; URBINA-SORIA, JAVIER; Angeles Hernández , Diana Isabel ; Gutiérrez-Arzaluz, Mirella; Mugica-Alvarez, VioletaRecent reports of the criteria pollutants in the Megalopolis, located in the central part of Mexico, consistently show air quality standard exceedances in most of the cities that make it up, since it is a large concentration where approximately 17% of the national population resides and because it has significant commercial and industrial development. To investigate the similarities and disparities in risk perception concerning air pollution and climate change among residents living in Central Mexico, a cross-sectional survey study was carried out within three metropolitan areas encompassed by the Megalopolis. A total of 1750 questionnaire surveys were conducted across 21 municipalities within the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), 16 municipalities within the Toluca Valley Metropolitan Area (TVMA), and 8 municipalities within the Cuernavaca Metropolitan Area. The three metropolitan areas showed significant differences in terms of air quality perception, risk perception, attitudes, and causal attribution perception, but health-related perception did not have significant differences among the areas. The MCMA exhibited higher knowledge about air pollution, although it associated the causes with urban activities such as car usage, while the Toluca and Cuernavaca areas linked this issue to the burning of garbage, coal, wood, and agricultural activities. Although residents expressed concern about air pollution, climate change, and their effects, they do not know how to act to contribute to the solution.
- Cielos tóxicos. Contaminantes atmosféricos [infografía](Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco., 2024) Navarrete Rubio, Brandon Antonio; LANDEROS-MUGICA, KARINA; Sánchez Sánchez, Paulina Elizabeth; Mugica Álvarez, Violeta; Alatriste Martínez, Yadira; Soto Delgadillo, Yared Daniela
- El asesino silencioso. Monóxido de carbono (CO) [infografía](Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco., 2024) Navarrete Rubio, Brandon Antonio; LANDEROS-MUGICA, KARINA; Mugica-Alvarez, Violeta; Alatriste Martínez, Yadira; Soto Delgadillo, Yared D.El monóxido de carbono (CO) es un gas contaminante que nuestros sentidos no detectan, y debido a ello nos puede llevar a la muerte. En esta infografía se describe el origen; como el CO afecta a la salud; los sintomas; la normatividad en el aire ambiente para el CO; índice de Aire y Salud; Acciones para ayudar.